What is satanology?

Satanology is a subtopic of angelology, the study of angels and demons. As the name suggests, satanology focuses on the study of Satan, the first rebel against God and humanity’s adversary. Satanology also explores the subject of evil, as the world’s corruption is linked to Satan deception. Satanology aims to correct what C. S. Lewis describes as two extremes: denying Satan or obsessing over him. It equips believers to be aware of Satan’s schemes (2 Corinthians 2:11) while instilling confidence in Christ’s victory.

The study of satanology begins with understanding the origins and identity of our adversary. In Genesis, Satan is first introduced as a cunning serpent who leads Adam and Eve to rebel against God (Genesis 3:1–7)—however, his origin dates to before the creation of humanity. Scripture does not narrate much that occurred before human existence, but it does provide some clues.

Satanology establishes that Satan is an actual created being. It refutes the cartoonish depiction of a red creature with horns and the symbolic interpretation of Satan as a personification of evil. Satan began as an angel, created to be good, like other creatures. His fall is described in Isaiah 14:12–13, a passage with a double significance. Isaiah referred to both the literal king of Babylon and the prideful spirit empowering Babylon (see Genesis 11:1–9; Revelation 17). The angel, called Lucifer, sought to elevate himself to the position of the Most High (Isaiah 14:13). Ezekiel describes the angel as initially blameless until unrighteousness was found in him (Ezekiel 28:15). The angel became known as Satan, a name that means “adversary,” and is also called the devil, meaning “slanderer.”

Satanology also addresses the attributes of Satan. He is described as a proud liar, a tempter, and a deceiver. After the fall of man, Satan became the influence behind fallen human civilization and all ideologies that oppose God, hence his description as ruler or god of this world (John 12:31; 2 Corinthians 4:4). Satan spreads distrust about God’s wisdom and rule. He seeks human worship and prompts a philosophy of rebellion. John describes the world as being under the control of the evil one (1 John 5:19). Although Satan is powerful, ancient, and intelligent, he is also limited. Ultimately, he will be completely defeated (Revelation 20:10).

Satanology has many practical applications in Christian living. Like every other aspect of Christian theology, the study of Satan isn’t meant simply to satisfy curiosity. It provides incentive to resist worldly influence and to be saturated with Scripture. It helps us recognize that loving the world system equates to worshiping Satan rather than God. Additionally, sin is ultimately an allegiance to Satan. For that reason, the call to desist from a sinful lifestyle is incredibly significant. Satanology also sheds light on spiritual warfare, acknowledging the cosmic conflict that seeks to malign God’s character.

However, the study of satanology should be approached with caution, lest we become obsessed with the ancient deceiver. Such a study should be balanced with an emphasis on God’s role in the cosmic conflict, as He constantly opposes evil and oppressive powers. Jesus has achieved victory on the cross, and He will rule until He completely obliterates all His enemies (1 Corinthians 15:25).