Answer
Neuroethics is a subset of bioethics, which is the application of morality to medical and biological topics. Neuroethics looks specifically at these issues with respect to the brain and nervous system. Of particular interest are technological means of interacting with the brain. Questions about experimentation and patient rights are standard for bioethics. Neuroethics, however, touches on the increasing impact technology has on privacy and decision-making, as well as physical side effects. Because neuroethics has a narrower scope than bioethics, the Bible has little to say about specific debates in neuroethics.
Foundational to a biblical approach to bioethics is an understanding of humanity and human value. This begins with recognizing each person as an image-bearer of God (Genesis 1:27). It extends to considering all people morally and spiritually equal (Galatians 3:28) and all experiences as having some purpose (Psalm 56:8; Matthew 12:36). Biblical ethics teaches that it is immoral to harm the innocent (Proverbs 6:16–19). There is no excuse to prey on the weak or helpless (Zechariah 7:9–10). More specific neuroethical discussions must be weighed individually according to each person’s conscience (Romans 14:23)
The deepest topic tied to neuroethics is that of personhood. The brain and nervous system are intricately connected to how we perceive the world around us. They are also associated with intelligence, personality, memory, awareness, and so forth. Questions about these topics can dig into debates over the ultimate source of moral and ethical thinking. More than any other segment of bioethics, neuroethics is confronted with the deepest questions about consciousness and the human mind. Sometimes these questions center on the difference—or the lack of distinction—between physical structures and an individual human being.
Privacy is a common topic in neuroethics. Modern technology offers increasingly convenient ways to detect changes in a person’s nervous system. This raises concerns about intruding into a person’s emotional life or even the broad scope of his private thoughts. Neuroethics informs debates over how, when, and if it is moral for such information to be detected.
Another major issue in neuroethics is the concept of neurological enhancement. Specifically, neuroethicists consider whether particular applications of technology are morally justified. Most have no qualms against using electrodes to allow quadriplegics to control artificial limbs, using sensors to alert of impending seizures, or using computer-controlled devices to counteract the effects of Parkinson’s disease. More problematic is determining an ethical position on implanting convicted criminals with inhibitors, creating a neurological signature for tracking purposes, or developing more effective, less lethal weapons for law enforcement.
As technology continues to advance, the subjects addressed by neuroethics will remain relevant. Christians should approach such advances with reason (Philippians 4:5) and confidence (Hebrews 3:6). Answers may not be easy (Psalm 139:14; Proverbs 18:17), but no subject is outside the authority of Scripture (2 Timothy 2:15; 3:16; 1 John 2:3–4).